Understanding Hepatitis A and the Importance of Vaccination
Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). While it’s usually self-limiting and not chronic like hepatitis B or C, it can still lead to severe illness, especially in adults. For travellers heading to parts of the world where sanitation and hygiene might be compromised, vaccination against hepatitis A is an essential part of pre-travel health preparation.
The hepatitis A vaccine has been available for several decades and is widely recommended for international travel. It offers robust protection, has a strong safety profile, and is well-integrated into many countries’ routine travel vaccination protocols. But what exactly does this vaccine do, how effective is it, and what should both travellers and healthcare professionals know before administering or receiving it?
What Is the Hepatitis A Vaccine?
The hepatitis A vaccine is an inactivated (killed) vaccine that prompts the body’s immune system to produce antibodies against the hepatitis A virus. Once vaccinated, the immune system is primed to recognise and fight off the virus if exposed in the future. This kind of vaccine cannot cause the disease itself, making it safe even for those with weakened immune systems.
In the UK, two main types of hepatitis A vaccines are used: single-antigen vaccines (protecting only against hepatitis A) and combination vaccines (such as the hepatitis A and B vaccine or hepatitis A and typhoid vaccine). The choice depends on individual travel needs, medical history, and other required vaccinations.
How Effective Is the Hepatitis A Vaccine?
One of the most reassuring facts about the hepatitis A vaccine is its high efficacy. After just one dose, over 95% of healthy individuals develop protective levels of antibodies within two to four weeks. A second booster dose, typically given six to twelve months later, extends immunity to at least 20 years, and likely much longer—possibly for life.
Studies have consistently demonstrated that the vaccine provides excellent long-term protection. Even if a traveller receives only the first dose before departure, they will still benefit from significant immunity. However, completing the full course is strongly encouraged for comprehensive, long-term protection.
Who Should Get the Hepatitis A Vaccine?
For travellers, the decision to get the hepatitis A vaccine often depends on their destination. Regions with higher risk include parts of Africa, Asia, Central and South America, and Eastern Europe—essentially, any area where access to clean water and good sanitation may be limited.
Apart from travellers, certain groups are also advised to receive the vaccine, including:
People with chronic liver disease
Co-infection with hepatitis A can be more dangerous for those with existing liver conditions, so vaccination in these cases is especially important.
Men who have sex with men (MSM)
Due to a higher risk of transmission through certain sexual practices, MSM are considered a priority group for hepatitis A immunisation.
Injection drug users
Sharing needles or using non-sterile equipment increases exposure risk to viruses like HAV.
People working in high-risk environments
This includes laboratory staff handling the virus, sewage workers, and those in close contact with communities experiencing outbreaks.
What Are the Side Effects?
Like all vaccines, the hepatitis A vaccine can cause side effects, although they tend to be mild and short-lived. The most common include soreness at the injection site, low-grade fever, or fatigue. Serious reactions are extremely rare.
For healthcare professionals, it’s important to reassure patients about the excellent safety record of the vaccine. It’s licensed for use in individuals as young as one year old and is well-tolerated across all age groups.
Timing Your Vaccine Before Travel
The best time to get vaccinated is at least two weeks before travel. This allows enough time for the body to develop immunity. However, even a last-minute dose can offer meaningful protection, so it’s never too late to seek medical advice.
If you’re unsure whether you’ve been vaccinated before or if your childhood vaccines included hepatitis A, a blood test can check for existing immunity. This can help avoid unnecessary doses and tailor your travel health plan effectively.
Combination Vaccines: A Practical Option for Travellers
Travellers often need protection against multiple diseases. Combination vaccines containing hepatitis A and either hepatitis B or typhoid offer a convenient solution. These vaccines reduce the number of injections needed, which is especially helpful when preparing for travel on a tight schedule.
While combination vaccines are just as effective as single-antigen options, they do follow slightly different dosing schedules. For instance, the hepatitis A and B combination requires three doses over six months for full protection, though an accelerated course is available for urgent departures.
Why Natural Immunity Isn’t Enough
Some might assume that previous exposure to hepatitis A or growing up in a high-risk country provides lifelong immunity. While it’s true that natural infection confers lasting protection, relying on uncertain past exposure isn’t advisable.
There’s no way to guarantee past infection without testing. And for many people, especially those from countries where hepatitis A was less prevalent during their childhood, natural immunity cannot be assumed. The vaccine offers a definitive, controlled method of protection.
A Smart Addition to Your Travel Plans
Whether you’re trekking through rural India, exploring street food markets in South America, or volunteering in refugee camps, staying protected from hepatitis A should be part of your travel checklist. Even moments that seem low-risk—like brushing your teeth with tap water or eating a salad washed in contaminated water—can lead to infection.
The good news is that with one simple vaccine, you can dramatically reduce your risk. It’s a low-cost, high-reward tool in your travel health arsenal.
Final Thoughts
Vaccination against hepatitis A is a safe, reliable, and medically proven way to avoid a potentially serious illness. For healthcare providers, it’s a key recommendation for travellers and high-risk groups alike. For travellers, it’s peace of mind that lets you focus on enjoying your journey rather than worrying about what might be lurking in the water or on your plate.
If you’re planning a trip and think you might need the hepatitis A vaccine—or if you’re unsure and would like expert advice—it’s worth speaking with a travel health specialist. The Edinburgh Vaccination Clinic offers tailored travel consultations, helping you get the right protection based on your itinerary and medical history.
Book your hepatitis A vaccination appointment today, and travel with confidence knowing you’re protected.
